Lion Nebula roars to life for Webb
Observing across the starry “plains” of space, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has taken images of NGC 2392, nicknamed the Lion Nebula.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope previously viewed this planetary nebula in 2000, imaging the lion face-shaped target in visible light and revealing features such as the “mane” of hazy, comet-shaped objects. Now Webb has captured a clearer, more detailed view of the Lion Nebula due to its high-resolution imaging.
At first glance the nebula’s overall structure in Webb’s infrared images, both with the NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid Infrared Instrument), may look quite similar to Hubble's earlier visible-light view. However, Webb's infrared vision highlights features like compact clumps of dust and haze of ionised gas. It’s taken several thousand years for this collection of gas and dust to reach its current shape, and the nebula’s components continue to be altered.
The source of these constant changes and the reason for the Lion Nebula’s distinct appearance is located at the centre: the remains of a dying star. Though it looks like the button nose of the lion, its energy and radiation are powering the intricate structures seen here.
Massive stars undergo supernova explosions at the end of their lives, but these kinds of events are far and few between. Most of the Universe’s stars have lower masses, like the one belonging to NGC 2392. When a lower-mass star can no longer sustain itself with nuclear reactions in its core, the star becomes unstable and pulsates, losing its mass by shedding its outer layers, which then turn into shells of gas and dust called a planetary nebula (stars at this life stage are responsible for producing much of the Universe’s observable dust). The star’s radiation drives the ejected material away, leaving behind the very hot stellar core, also known as a white dwarf.
In the Lion Nebula’s case, the death of the oxygen-rich central star has left behind a white dwarf that is “cooking” everything from the inside and producing a bubble of ionised gas as it does. The gas bubble, which forms the lion’s face, is expanding over time and destroying dust that is in its path. Understanding why the swept-up gas has a complex structure of rings and shells, a common feature in planetary nebulae, is an ongoing endeavour.
The mane of the lion is the interior of a dust shell that is being illuminated by the white dwarf at the centre. The tufts of hair, which look like cometary tails of material, are compact clumps of dust that have survived the stellar core’s radiation and are protecting the material that lies behind them.
Webb’s imagery “freezes” this planetary nebula in time, though the star's death, and its tumultuous effects, go on. NGC 2392 will continue to undergo changes as its gas and dust migrate away from the stellar core. Astronomers estimate that the lion will eventually disperse in approximately 10,000 years — a relatively short period in astronomical terms.
Lion Nebula (NIRCam + MIRI image)
The James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged planetary nebula NGC 2392, which is nicknamed the Lion Nebula due to its distinct shape. This near- and mid-infrared composite image reveals the complex structure of the nebula, which has formed and continues to be sculpted by the remains of a dying star. The stellar core, also known as a white dwarf, is located at the centre and looks like the button nose of the lion.
The central dying star is so hot that its radiation is “cooking” everything from the inside and producing a bubble of ionized hydrogen gas as it does. The gas bubble, which is the lion’s “face,” features cavernous shells and rings with tendrils that are expanding and destroying dust upon encounter.
However, not all dust is obliterated from the scene. The lion’s mane is the interior of a dust shell that is being illuminated by the central star’s core. Within the mane some compact clumps of dust (red and orange) have managed to survive so far and are protecting the material that lies behind them. Additional clumps of molecular hydrogen appear yellow.
The Lion Nebula is a snapshot in time. It’s taken several thousand years for the gas and dust to be shaped in this way, and it continues to change as the star drives away the material. Astronomers estimate NGC 2392 will eventually disperse in about 10,000 years, which is a relatively short period in astronomical terms.
[Image description: Planetary nebula NGC 2392, also called the Lion Nebula, against the black background of space. The nebula is in the centre, circular in shape, and looks like a male lion’s head. In the very centre is a small, pinkish-white circle with eight-point diffraction spikes, a white dwarf star. Surrounding the star are light purple-pink cavernous bubbles and shell-like rings. The bubbles and shells collectively form an oval with two small, wide arcs near the top, reminiscent of a lion’s face and its ears. What appears to be extended outward from the lion’s face is a thick ring of purple-blue material. The width of the ring is consistent throughout and resembles a mane. The area closest to the lion’s face looks cloudy, while the edges of the mane look like there are clumps of dust with comet-like tails and strands. In the background are distant galaxies and stars. Some galaxies appear as small yellow and orange points of light and others with visible spiral structures. A couple of the stars have diffraction spikes.]
Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI. Image Processing: A. Pagan (STScI).
Lion Nebula (MIRI image)
The James Webb Space Telescope observed planetary nebula NGC 2392 in mid-infrared light, revealing the presence of dust and its varying structures within this tumultuous environment. Nicknamed the Lion Nebula due to its appearance, this collection of gas and dust is created and sculpted by the remains of a dying star, which is in the center and resembles the button nose of the lion.
While some dust is being destroyed by the bubble of ionized gas that forms the lion’s face, most of the gas is being ejected and migrating away from the star due to its radiation. In this image, cyan highlights the lion’s mane, which is the interior of a dust shell that is being illuminated by the central star. Within the mane, toward its edges, are purple clumps that look like they have cometary tails. These fluffy structures are also dust, which have managed to survive so far and protect the structures behind them.
[Image description: Planetary nebula NGC 2392, also called the Lion Nebula, against the black background of space. The nebula is in the centre, circular in shape, and looks like a male lion’s head. In the very centre is a small, bluish-white circle with eight-point diffraction spikes, a white dwarf star. Surrounding the star are light purple-red cavernous bubbles and shell-like rings. The bubbles and shells collectively form an oval with two small, wide arcs near the top, reminiscent of a lion’s face and its ears. What appears to be extended outward from the lion’s face is a thick ring of cyan material. The width of the ring is consistent throughout and resembles a mane. The area closest to the lion’s face looks cloudy, while the edges of the mane look like there are purple clumps of dust with comet-like tails and strands. In the background are distant galaxies and stars. Some galaxies appear as small purple points of light and others with visible blue spiral structures. A couple of the stars have diffraction spikes.]
Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI. Image Processing: A. Pagan (STScI)
VIDEOS
Lion Nebula (NIRCam + MIRI image)
The James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid Infrared Instrument) instruments recently imaged planetary nebula NGC 2392, which is nicknamed the Lion Nebula due to its distinct shape. This near- and mid-infrared composite image reveals the complex structure of the nebula, which has formed and continues to be sculpted by the remains of a dying star. The stellar core, also known as a white dwarf, is located at the centre and looks like the button nose of the lion.
Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Pagan (STScI), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb)
Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Lion Nebula (MIRI image)
The James Webb Space Telescope observed planetary nebula NGC 2392 with its MIRI (Mid Infrared Instrument) instrument, revealing the presence of dust and its varying structures within this tumultuous environment. Nicknamed the Lion Nebula due to its appearance, this collection of gas and dust is created and sculpted by the remains of a dying star, which is in the centre and resembles the button nose of the lion.
Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Pagan (STScI), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb)
Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Lion Nebula
This video showcases two Webb views of the planetary nebula NGC 2392.
You can learn more about these images here.
Credit:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Pagan (STScI), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb)
Music: Zoom - Tonelabs – The Red North (www.tonelabs.com)
Fuente: ESA/Hubble/Webb Information Centre
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